Emergence Of The Buddha Essay

A). Blueprint the social, political and strict foundation from which Buddhism developed. (10) Buddhism is one of the significant strict conventions of mankind today. Buddhism was affected by a wide range of societies over the a huge number of years. This article will layout the social, political and strict issues encompassing the foundation and the development of Buddhism in Indian Society. â€Å"In the 1920’s archeological unearthings of the antiquated urban communities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa in North West India uncovered the presence of a urban civilisation. This is known as the Indus Valley Civilisation.† (Buddhism Dominique Side) The foundation from which the Buddha rose up out of extended as far back as C2700 in a spot called the Indus Valley. This was the principal indication of civilisation to live on the Indian subcontinent. Individuals were pulled in to the Indus Valley as a result of the of the River Indus. The River gave a decent wellspring of vegetation; there was likewise level land, stones and trees. The Indus Valley was an Egalitarian culture, which implied that everyone living inside the general public were all equivalent and they venerated the two Gods and Goddesses. They accepted and adored in Brahman, who they accepted was the most gazed upward to and humble God. Archeologists discovered sculptures with engraved sacred writings of Gods and Goddesses on; the finding of these pots is the place it is accepted that the Religion started, despite the fact that there were never any discoveries of sanctuaries to demonstrate this. â€Å"Artefacts demonstrate it’s Religion to be identified with the powers of nature†¦ the love of a mother Goddess, holy trees and richness symbols.† (Buddhism Dominique Side) The valley was accepted to have been a solid focal government and to have two principle political focuses, Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. The Indus Valley civilisation started to move out, numerous individuals today despite everything accept this was a result of a characteristic relocation. After the civilisation of the Indus Valley had left, Aryans at that point started to set up home on their territory. Aryans were roaming; they went around a great deal, never remaining in one spot for long. They carried creatures with them and developed a solid military. They were believed to be acceptable at building and carpentry. The official religion of the Aryan victors of India is alluded to as the Vedic religion after their blessed books or Vedas (information). The clerics of this religion were known as Brahmans or Brahmins and are frequently referenced in the Buddhist sacred texts. The Aryans were undeniably extreme individuals, military solid, and they were wild and war like. Their way of life was situated around fighting, and they were excellent at it. The Aryans were another beginning in the Indian culture; they embraced basically nothing of Harappan culture. They fabricated no urban areas, no states, no silos, and utilized no composition. â€Å"†¦They revered a pantheon of divine beings and were generally associated with powers of the characteristic world, particularly those forces on which people were dependent.† (Buddhism Denise Cush) The Indian position framework started to create and the civilisations were set into the class that they had a place as well. â€Å"Each keeps an eye on the job was to follow the calling reasonable for his social class.† (Buddhism Dominique Side) Even today the estimations of the rank framework are held emphatically, it has maintained a feeling of control and harmony among the individuals. The station comprises of six distinct levels, and as a pyramid beginning from the most elevated and working down. The most elevated being the Brahman, at that point Kshatriya, Valishya, Shudra, Harijans and the Untouchables. Inside every one of these levels are the genuine â€Å"castes† inside which individuals are conceived, hitched and kick the bucket into. They all have their own place among one another and acknowledge that it is the best approach to shield society from breaking down to turmoil. The framework has functioned admirably for Indian individuals and still has a significan t job in current India. The Aryan culture was patrocol, which implies it was all male. It was currently not, at this point a populist society. Indus Valley individuals and Aryans started to blend, which is the means by which the Indo-Aryans were framed, this was the start of Hinduism, which was a blend of Indo and Aryan convictions and practices. From these two religions they made a relationship and shaped the Indo-Aryan individuals. â€Å"Like a strong waterway, made from principally tributaries that took care of it, Hinduism is an amalgamation of the convictions of the numerous individuals who settled in India in antiquated times.† (A novices manual for Buddhism, Gillian Strokes) People presently didn't forfeit creatures for their religion yet would now offer endowments to their God called contributions; these would comprise of blossoms and vegetables. The Indo Aryans didn't have or love a blessed sacred text, anyway they had Vedic psalms that were sang and gathered, and which were later recorded in the â€Å"Veda†. This implies they have a social significance. They additionally adored a pantheon of divine beings. They had faith in the most noteworthy type of God, the Brahman who was the most elevated level of the rank framework. There was an amalgamation of Indo and Aryans that turned into the religion Hinduism. Ladies presently didn't have any force; men currently did everything, ladies were presently viewed as sub-par compared to men. As a confidence in the rank framework, you were just permitted to wed inside your degree of the position framework. The political association was various leveled and unified. Realms changed in size and rulers were close to town pioneers. A few people accept that Hinduism started with the Indo-Aryans, while others accept that it started with the Indus populace. Hinduism has no originator and no single snapshot of starting. The development of Buddhism was currently becoming alright. Hinduism is the biggest religion of India. The religion depends on supplications and has faith in numerous divine beings and goddesses. Be that as it may, one God named Brahman was more critical than the others. There were unique clerics known as Brahmin who were utilized to assist you with adoring this exceptional God, they assisted with directing people’s confidence. Austerity characterized as the act of self-supporter, deliberate embraced, so as to accomplish a higher or otherworldly perfect started. Individuals didn’t concur with Brahman clerics, they needed to carry on with a straightforward life in the woods. Hinduism additionally has faith in resurrection, this is resurrection †the pattern of life. It comprises of Birth, Life, Death and Rebirth; you experience the cycle again and again. It is felt that on the off chance that you carry on with a decent life you will be naturally introduced to a superior standing in your next life. You will accomplish great karma on the off chance that you carry out your responsibility well which is controlled by the standing you are naturally introduced to. Great karma implies a decent next life and awful karma implies a terrible next life. The best way to escape the cycle is to have constant great resurrections, which implies you will enter Nirvana. Every one of these foundations lead to the rise of Buddhism somehow or another. Religious zealots would move away to the backwoods and leave all their family and items behind, even the possibility of the standing framework. They needed significant serenity and to accomplish illumination. The most ideal approach to do this was to ruminate. They likewise needed to escape the existence cycle and accomplish Nirvana. Siddhartha Gautama was a parsimonious, he was brought into the world a Hindu yet needed to get away from the existence cycle. He rose as the Buddha subsequent to accomplishing illumination and individuals started to follow his lifestyle. Political angles were that individuals didn't utilize the station framework and furthermore dismissed social and political qualities. They needed a libertarian culture where everybody was equivalent and rewarded with a similar measure of regard. â€Å"One of the impacts of these progressions was the production of new callings, for example, state authorities and merchants, which had no spot in old rank system.† (Buddhism Dominique Side) All in all I can perceive how Buddhism has developed more than a large number of years and that Buddhism currently doesn't share anything for all intents and purpose with the most punctual religion found. Buddhism required different religions to be set up with the end goal for it to exist and without different religions; it probably won't have existed today. I think Buddhism has become the most attractive religion, as it has faith in uniformity. Subsequently it has adjusted out of the numerous religions that preceded it. B). â€Å"The Buddha walked out on all the Religious educating of his age.† Assess this view (10) Buddhism is an Eastern Religion that is more than 2,000 years of age. Buddhism as a religion was impacted by this recorded setting. The starting points of Buddhism are firmly associated with the beginnings of Hinduism. Buddhists don’t have faith in a God they simply revere the most elevated in the station framework, the Brahmin. The Buddha is a profoundly regarded individual in the Buddhists Society. Buddhism is an amalgamation, an adjustment of Religions after some time. This piece of the paper requires surveying the perspective on how the Buddha walked out on the strict lessons of his age. The Buddha lived and educated in the Northeast India around 2,500 years back and the advancement of the Religion was impacted by this verifiable setting. He lived for around eighty years, somewhere close to the fourth and sixth hundreds of years BCE. Siddhartha Gautama grew a large portion of his thoughts for Buddhism from Hinduism. He changed and created them to suit his new religion. He took some yet transformed them. He was brought into the world a Hindu and naturally introduced to the Kshatriya Caste. He turned into a plain. I accept that the Buddha walked out on his strict lessons for a significant explanation; accordingly I accept this is on the grounds that he needed to get himself out of the existence cycle. The Buddha needed to go to the backwoods to think and arrive at Nirvana. The Buddha didn't need his lessons to be taken as something sacrosanct in itself, yet as a necessary chore. He clarified that any lessons, including his own were not to be acknowledged without seeing yet with confidence and veneration, however ought not be tried out in understanding. The Buddhism religion was not only something to bel

The Lawrence Sports Simulation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Lawrence Sports Simulation - Research Paper Example There must be: three elective working capital arrangements which decrease future troubles; a suggestion on strategy and an assessment of hazard related with the proposal; possibilities for the suggestion; execution estimates used to assess the suggestion; a usage plan for the proposal; a conversation and clarification of the suggestion; a survey of the money transformation cycle for Lawrence Sports; a clarification of the significance of the money change cycle to its working capital administration; and an end. II. Three Alternative Working Capital Policies Which Reduce Future Difficulties There are three working capital arrangements which must be set up so as to lessen future troubles as an organization. As a matter of first importance, Lawrence Sports must understand that it can’t make a larger number of installments than purchasesâ€as it began to do the seven day stretch of March 31stâ€and hope to make a benefit. In this way, the organization must make an arrangement t o guarantee that it is continually taking in more cash than it is spending. The second thing that Lawrence Sports must do is guarantee that the entirety of its sellers are forked over the required funds without leaving capital develop so as to take care of its obligations. For instance, it was referenced that Gartner was taken care of 40% forthright, and afterward 60% in the following week. This ought not be so. Obligations ought to be paid off rapidly and not be permitted to accumulate. Something very similar occurred with Murray, when 15% was paid promptly, with 85% to be paid in the following weekâ€where installments began taking once again buys additionally during the week beginning March 31st. Third, what is most significant is that Lawrence attempt to have a money inflow complete that is in any event somewhere in the range of 25 to half more noteworthy than its surge. This is simply to guarantee that the money inflow doesn't get excessively far beneath with the goal that su rge isn't more prominent, and is a wellbeing measure. III. Suggestion A. The Recommendation on Policy Itself and An Evaluation of Risk Associated With the Recommendation The proposal made to Lawrence Sports is to do some income analysisâ€and to underscore basically having more prominent income coming in than going out. As indicated by Grier (2007), â€Å"Cash, not profit, permits a business substance to meet its budgetary commitments. To be sure, surveying the sums, timing and vulnerability of incomes is one of the fundamental targets of monetary revealing and analysis† (pp. 47). This approach will enable the organization to remain dissolvable. In any case, this additionally implies the organization needs to take care of its obligations rapidly to these redistributed organizations which give its items. As indicated by Kakkar (2009), â€Å"[One should] [r]educe credit recompenses and quicken money receipts†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (pp. 234). By decreasing the measure of credit utiliz ed and increasing the money receipts for debt claims, this will build the money inflow and limit the danger of coming in underneath the 25% overall revenue that was talked about as one segment of the three arrangement options for the organization. This is the reason income is so significant. As indicated by Fight (2005), â€Å"Analysis of income, at that point, can't simply confine obligation limit yet should likewise consider all the variables delivering significant changes in real money inflows and outflows† (pp. 6). Obviously, the hazard is that by concentrating a lot on income, the organization will disregard different regions. Nonetheless, this issue is so significant on the grounds that it is the thing that will represent the deciding moment the companyâ€eventuallyâ€is whether its records are adjusted. B. Possibilities For

Blog Archive Professor Profiles Dan Ariely, Duke Universitys Fuqua School of Business

Blog Archive Professor Profiles Dan Ariely, Duke Universitys Fuqua School of Business Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they select a program to attend, but the educational experience at business school is what is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we focus on  Dan Ariely  from Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business. Dan Ariely’s “Behavioral Economics” class is reportedly a popular one at Fuquaâ€"“It always has the longest waiting list,” remarked one second year we interviewed, and an alumna said of Ariely, “He was wonderful.” When mbaMission asked a first-year student about Ariely’s class, he said jokingly, “I’m pretty sure you have to snag that class within one or two seconds of it becoming available!” The course explores how people actually act in the marketplace, as opposed to how they might act if they were being completely rational. Ariely is also author of the books The Upside of Irrationality: The Unexpected Benefits of Defying Logic at Work and at Home (Harper Collins, 2010) and Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces that Shape Our Decisions (Harper Collins, 2008). An alumna told mbaMission, “He got us to think about everyday things in a totally new way,” and a second-year student commented, “Everyone takes his course. Everyone. He’s our rock-star professor.” Another second year agreed, saying, “He’s is one of the superstar professors here. He explains more complex research in an easy to understand way.” Ariely also maintains a  blog. For more information about Duke Fuqua and 15 other top-ranked business schools, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Duke University (Fuqua) Professor Profiles Blog Archive Professor Profiles Dan Ariely, Duke Universitys Fuqua School of Business Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they select a program to attend, but the educational experience at business school is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we focus on Dan Ariely from Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business. Professor Dan Ariely’s “Behavioral Economics” class is reportedly a popular one at Fuquaâ€"“It always has the longest waiting list,” said one second year we interviewed, and an alumna added, “He was wonderful.” Another second-year student told mbaMission that because of the high demand for his class, Ariely offers it only to second years. The course explores how people actually act in the marketplace, as opposed to how they might act if they were being completely rational. Ariely is also author of the book Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces that Shape Our Decisions, published in 2007. An alumna told mbaMission, “He got us to think about everyday things in a totally new way,” and a second-year student commented, “Everyone takes his course. Everyone. He’s our rock-star professor.” With dozens of comments on each of his blog posts, almost 11,000 Twitter followers, more than 4,000 likes on Facebook and 1,300 YouTube subscribers, we would say he is a rock st ar, indeed. For more information about Duke Fuqua and 13 other top-ranked business schools, check out the mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Duke University (Fuqua) Professor Profiles Blog Archive Professor Profiles Dan Ariely, Duke Universitys Fuqua School of Business Many MBA applicants feel that they are purchasing a brand when they select a program to attend, but the educational experience at business school is what is crucial to your future, and no one will affect your education more than your professors. Each Wednesday, we profile a standout professor as identified by students. Today, we focus on  Dan Ariely  from Duke University’s Fuqua School of Business. Dan Ariely’s “Behavioral Economics” class is reportedly a popular one at Fuquaâ€"“It always has the longest waiting list,” said one second year we interviewed, and an alumna added, “He was wonderful.” When mbaMission asked a first-year student about Ariely’s class, he said jokingly, “I’m pretty sure you have to snag that class within one or two seconds of it becoming available!” The course explores how people actually act in the marketplace, as opposed to how they might act if they were being completely rational. Ariely is also author of the books The Upside of Irrationality: The Unexpected Benefits of Defying Logic at Work and at Home (Harper Collins, 2010) and Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces that Shape Our Decisions (Harper Collins, 2008). An alumna told mbaMission, “He got us to think about everyday things in a totally new way,” and a second-year student commented, “Everyone takes his course. Everyone. He’s our rock-star professor.” Anothe r second-year student agreed, “He’s is one of the superstar professors here. He explains more complex research in an easy to understand way.” For more information about Duke Fuqua and 15 other top-ranked business schools, check out the  mbaMission Insider’s Guides. Share ThisTweet Duke University (Fuqua) Professor Profiles

The Islam-Judaism Clash of Civilizations Essay - 2541 Words

On the streets of Jerusalem, in the rubble of Ramallah, in synagogues, in mosques, in the hearts and minds of millions in the Gaza Strip, the West Bank, and the remainder of Israel, Israelis and Palestinians are locked in a clash of civilizations. In his masterful work, The Clash of Civilizations, Samuel L. Huntington outlines a theory which approaches international politics on the scale of civilizations. However, he circumvents discussion about Israel. Huntington cautiously describes Israel as a â€Å"non-Western† (Huntington 90) country, but identifies the Palestinian-Israeli conflict as one along a fault line between civilizations (267). Though he chooses to avoid the issue, Huntington’s theory provides a groundwork for analyzing the†¦show more content†¦Huntington’s thought parallels the observations of Mordecai Kaplan, a famous American Jew. In 1934, Kaplan wrote Judaism as a Civilization in which he described Jewish identity withering away among se cond generation Jewish immigrants in the United States as they were assimilated into American culture. Kaplan wrote this book fourteen years before the creation of Israel. I would argue that, contrary to Huntington’s opinion, the relatively recent addition Israel has revitalized the Jewish sense of common identity. Kaplan’s observations have become dated. With Israel as its core state, Judaism has a legitimate claim to civilization status. As it stands, Islam poses a clear and present danger to Judaism. Huntington paints a gloomy picture for Israel: â€Å"Wherever one looks along the perimeter of Islam, Muslims have problems living peaceably with their neighbors† (256). Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria, all Muslim countries, surround Israel. Huntington claims that â€Å"Islam’s borders are bloody, and so are its innards† (258), taking into account both the history of internal and external wars within and between Muslim countries. Israel has engaged in official war with Muslim countries in 1948, 1956, 1967, 1973, and 1982. It has also been a target of guerilla warfare and terrorism, especially during the firstShow MoreRelatedâ€Å"Clash of Civilizations† Essay examples980 Words   |  4 PagesRealism is the contrast of the Idealist conception that society can change on the foundation of an idea. The â€Å"Clash of Civilizations† by Samuel Huntington is a brilliant illustration that e xhibits the power of ideas that has vastly influenced both foreign policies of countries, but also the discipline of International Relations. Samuel Huntingtons â€Å"the clash of civilizations,† is based on the hypothesis: â€Å"In the post-Cold War world the most important distinctions among people are not ideologicalRead MoreThe Clash of Civilization (Samuel Huntington Article Review) Essay945 Words   |  4 Pagestitled the Clash of Civilization written by Samuel Huntington tries to analyze the world after the cold war. Huntington in his thesis clearly states that the new era of world politics will not be based on conflicts occurring due to ideological or economic clashes amongst states, but rather the dominating source of conflict will be cultural. Huntington proposes that instead of classifying countries into first, second or third worlds, one should classify countries in terms of their civilization. He definesRead MoreThe Clash Of Civilisations By Samuel Huntington1110 Words   |  5 Pages‘The Clash of Civilisations , argues a new concept predicting the primary origin of future conflicts. 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What I liked about this text was how forceful it was in declaring the Church’s beliefs even though I do not necessary agree with these beliefs. Often times, people skirt around what they beliefRead MoreChristianity, Judaism, and Islam Paper2281 Words   |  10 PagesChristianity, Judaism, and Islam Christianity started out in Palestine as a fellowship; it moved to Greece and became a philosophy; it moved to Italy and became an institution; it moved to Europe and became a culture; it came to America and became an enterprise as stated by theological scholar Sam Pascoe. Throughout Christianity’s journey they have come across ties with the religions Judaism and Islam. There are few similarities between the three major religions. One similarity is that AbrahamRead MoreAnalysis Of Alfred Huntington s The Cold War 1808 Words   |  8 Pagescultural instead. Huntington went on from there to give a very well structured argument, that was organized into 5 main parts: A World of Civilizations, The Shifting Balance of Civilizations, The Emerging Order of Civilizations, The Clash of Civilizations, and the Future of Civilizations. Huntington started the first section by giving the â€Å"map of civilizations† argument and describing who was in which group. He named 8 groups: Sinic, Japanese, Hindu, Western, Africa, Islamic, Orthodox, and LatinRead MoreEssay on Terror in America2378 Words   |  10 Pagescontinued in his familys footsteps and studied civil engineering. Feeling a connection to the Islamic holy places his father restored, Bin Laden feels that the United States and Israel, or the Crusader-Jewish alliance has attacked the countries of Islam by threatening the al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. 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Fishing for Words Essay - 1502 Words

Fishing for Words â€Å"Give a man a fish; you have fed him for today. Teach a man to fish; you have fed him for a lifetime† (http://www.amatecon.com/fish.html). This quote can be applied to illiteracy in America; basically someone illiterate cannot live on their own until they have been taught the basics, reading and writing. According to Kozol’s essay The Human Cost of an Illiterate Society the government, administration, and people of high power live by the beginning of the quote (Kozol, The Human Cost of an Illiterate Society). They help someone illiterate make a living until the person is out of their control. Yet the government, administrations, and society maintain control through illiteracy. Illiteracy is spreading like a plague†¦show more content†¦Let us say that a little first grade boy is a hyperactive in class and the school’s administration decides to test the boy for either ADD or ADHD, with parental consent of course. 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To live the American Dream is the motivation for many immigrants to choose to live in the United States of America. As they arrive their hopes and dreams are shattered. Our society immediatelyShow MoreRelatedTurning Men Into Fishing Is A Popular Past Time All Around The World1277 Words   |  6 Pagesinto Fishermen Fishing is a popular past time all around the world. It has been around for many centuries, and has influenced and shaped many societies and cultures. One popular religion that fishing has a major impact on is Christianity. It is obvious that fishing is prominent in the Christian religion by looking at the famous Christian symbol, the Jesus fish. On many American cars one may find this very simple depiction of a fish on the back bumper. 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Issues Of Multicultural Education / Special Education

Issues in Multicultural Education/Special Education In our local school district, there is a main issue with having better support in Special education and Teachers leaving there position. To enforce more help and compassion from others will start with proper teaching and committing to it, along with having more support from the parents. Children in special education are the same as any other child, but involves more needs to be met in order to help these children along the learning process. This continues as having more public and parental support and showing more appreciation for our Special Education teachers. Special Education is a challenging position and many individuals believe that it is the easiest job in the world. We are in need of more Teachers and Teacher Assistants that are willing to teach and have an open heart for Special needs children. For a Special Needs Teacher, having compassion and patience is an important skill in a Special Needs classroom. There has been mult iple teachers that come in and out of special needs classrooms because they do not have enough patience nor enough special needs education training, so they can understand how to meet the needs of these children and the multiple ways of using learning skills so the children understand what is being taught. Not many college students are aware, unless by research, that there is a high need of Special Education Teachers all over the United States. When a student decides Special Education isShow MoreRelatedThe South: Educating a Growing Hispanic Population Essay1168 Words   |  5 Pagespopulation, education concerns of this population have started to arise. In some cases, Hispanics are being over referred to special education programs. This phenomenon is linked to the presence of a language barrier as well as other characteristics of the children in this population (Guiberson, 2009). 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Data Security and Privacy Protection Issues

Question: Discuss about the Data Security and Privacy Protection Issues. Answer: Introduction: On November 2015, VTech was notified of a breach in its systems. An unauthorized party had accessed VTech customer data which was stored in the app store customer database. The attack had also compromised the confidentiality of data stored on the servers hosting its affiliate websites such as Kid Connect, PlanetVTech, and V.Smile Link. The app store contained confidential data used to authenticate users to allow them to download games, e-books, and other content to VTech products such as tablets. Hackers gained access to the Kid Connect which allowed them to access voice and text messages, photos, and drawings exchanged by users. Customers who used VTechs products such as PlanetVtech, Learning Lodge, V.Smile, and Kid Connect were affected. The hackers accessed over 4 million customer accounts and 6 million children profiles. Out of the 6 million children profiles, approximately 1 million were connected to Kid Connect services which held personal information such as name, gender, and birthdate. The attack also compromised the security of PlanetVtech and V.Smile allowing the hackers to access about 230,000 customer accounts and 220,000 children profiles available in these platforms (VTech, 2016). The attack affected the app store customer database, and servers related to VTechs products were accessed. The hack allowed attackers to access data of millions of customers including their names and addresses. This posed a risk to the customers who could be targeted by the attackers via snail mails to lure them to provide more information. How was the attack carried out? The attack was carried out by a hacker who was aware of the security vulnerabilities of the companys websites. The attacker found one of the VTech websites and performed a security test to determine its security vulnerabilities. VTechs used Flash plugins and provides a login form that allowed users to be authenticated before accessing their accounts. The site was vulnerable to SQL injection which allowed the user to execute SQL queries to access the database (Fransechi-Bicchierai, 2015). This allowed the user not only to access the system but obtain administrative privileges also known as root. With these privileges, the attacker could change system and security configurations on the server as well as access and manipulate the database that served the companys websites. At that point, the attacker could access all servers related to VTech products and was able to access data stored. Access to these servers allowed him to find databases storing personal data of millions of customers a nd children who used VTech products. The attacker could have been prevented if VTech had deployed SQL injection security measures to mitigate SQL injection attacks. The companys website could have been coded to validate and sanitize user input which could prevent the execution of SQL queries with magic characters. Instead of using dynamic SQL, the website could have used prepared statements or stored procedures to validate database parameters entered in the SQL query (Clarke-Salt, 2009). This could be effective in preventing the execution of corrupt SQL queries. Updating and patching flash plugins and the databases could have been essential in preventing exploitation of SQL injection by attackers to access the websites. An appliance-based or software web application firewall (WAF) could be used to filter out corrupted data in the SQL queries. A WAF with a comprehensive set of default rules and custom ones could be useful in providing an additional layer of security against security vulnerabilities before the application is patched. Reducing the attack surface of the companys web applications could have been instrumental in minimizing the risk of the attack. Elimination of unnecessary database functionality would be key in denying hackers from leveraging on various database commands to manipulate or access the data in the database (Joshi, 2007). For example, removing xp_cmdshell, a stored procedure that displays the windows command shell, could have prevented the attacker from gaining administrator security privileges. Instead of connecting the companys database using an account with admin-level privileges, the IT staff could have used a limited access account which is safer and could limit actions that hackers could perform. With a limited account, the attacker would have accessed an account with normal privileges which would mitigate the effects of the data breach. Changing database error messages could be effective in minimizing information about errors made in the input form. By using custom errors to display error messages, the hacker would not get information about the companys database as he would get just the fact that his actions caused an unhandled error. Implementing a two-factor authentication scheme would be essential in minimizing the risk of unauthorized access as users have to provide a one-time second password sent to their smartphones. Additionally, by regularly changing the passwords of application accounts, the company could have enhanced the overall security of its servers and database. In 2014, a cyber attack that targeted JPMorgan Chase compromised its IT systems and allowed hackers to gain access to the accounts of over 70 million customers and small businesses (Silver-Greenberg, 2014). This tally put the attack among the largest hacks targeting the financial industry in the United States. The details of the attack were disclosed at a time when public confidence in digital transactions was low. This was due to the recent cyber attacks that targeted various retailers such as Target and Home Depot that caused massive data breaches and compromised the safety of millions of customers and card holders. Unlike retailers, JPMorgan which is the large bank in the US stored financial information in its systems that includes not only credit card details but also sensitive data that could compromise the confidentiality of the bank's customers. Investigations on the attack indicated the banks fault which created a security loophole that was leveraged by the hackers to gain ac cess to the system without triggering defense mechanisms. Who were affected and how? The attack on JPMorgan Chase caused a data breach that allowed the attackers a lot of customer data including names, addresses, email addresses, phone numbers, and other sensitive information. As the largest bank in the country, JPMorgan Chase holds a lot of financial information including sensitive information which if exposed can compromise the confidentiality of customers (Agrawal, 2014). Although the hackers were unable to access account information, they compromised the confidentiality and privacy of customer personal information. This implies that the hackers took personal information of millions of American households which could be used for malicious activities. The data breach affected American households and small businesses in different ways. The average American household faced the risk of getting emails mimicking JPMorgans emails which could direct them to malicious websites requesting for sensitive information such as bank credentials. Customers could be sent mails that lured them with a reward claim which aims at getting their financial information. Additionally, American households and small businesses were at risk of getting phone calls from malicious people impersonating bank officials that sought to gain their financial information. The attack occurred when attackers acquired the login credentials of an employee of JPMorgan. These credentials allowed the attackers to login into the banks system and access customer data. Typically, many systems have a double authentication scheme that requires users to provide a second one-time password before allowing them to gain access to the system. The security vulnerability in JPMorgans system was basic the bank did not implement a double authentication scheme for user login. The banks IT staff had not updated one of the network servers with the dual password scheme. Thus, users could login into the bank systems without requiring a second password. This created a security loophole that allowed the hackers who had login credentials to log into the system. It appears that the attackers had access to several applications and programs that run on JPMorgans systems which they could have used to identify known security vulnerabilities in the applications. These applications could have allowed them to find the faulty server that had not been updated with double authentication scheme which served as an entry point to the banks systems. As a result, the hackers were able to gain access to the system without triggering defense mechanisms which could have issued security alerts and lock them out of the system. JPMorgan Chase could have prevented the attack if it had applied its security standards across its system components. If the IT department had implemented two-factor authentication in all servers, the attackers would not have gained access to any of the servers. Without a device that can receive the second one-time password, the attackers would not access the system with the login credentials they had (Order, 2008). Two-factor authentication provides an additional security layer. In addition to regular login credentials, the scheme would send a unique code to a users smartphone. With this feature, the servers at JPMorgan would have a stronger defense mechanism safeguarding against intrusion as the hackers only have login credentials. Data encryption would have assisted in safeguarding the confidentiality of customer personal information. Encrypting data would have made the financial information more secure (Chen, 2012). Since breach prevention and threat monitoring may safeguard the IT system from all attacks, data encryption could have been used as a last line of defense to secure the data from unauthorized access. With encryption, the data accessed by the hackers would have been useless as they couldnt decrypt it to obtain meaningful information. Account monitoring and control would have played an instrumental role in preventing data breaches. This would have allowed the bank to monitor account usage to determine accounts accessing the system and customer data. Such monitoring would have triggered defense mechanisms as the hackers accessed and retrieved data from the system (Cardenas, 2008). IT staff would have been notified of the breach which would have been effective in responding to the security incident to mitigate the effects of the breach as well as lock the hacker out of the system. Additionally, account control would have allowed the bank to determine malicious actions performed by the hackers such as copying customer data into external hard drives. This would have enhanced protecting the IT system from the attackers as their access to the system would have been revoked before extensive damage occurs as a result of the breach. References Agrawal, T., Henry, D., Finkle, J. (2014). JPMorgan hack exposed data of 83 million, among biggest breaches in history. Cardenas, A. A., Amin, S., Sastry, S. (2008, June). Secure control: Towards survivable cyber-physical systems. InDistributed Computing Systems Workshops, 2008. ICDCS'08. 28th International Conference on(pp. 495-500). IEEE. Chen, D., Zhao, H. (2012, March). Data security and privacy protection issues in cloud computing. InComputer Science and Electronics Engineering (ICCSEE), 2012 International Conference on(Vol. 1, pp. 647-651). IEEE. Clarke-Salt, J. (2009).SQL injection attacks and defense. Elsevier. Joshi, S. (2007). SQL injection attack and defense. Order, U. T. (2008). Two-factor authentication. Silver-Greenberg, J., Goldstein, M., Perlroth, N. (2014). JPMorgan Chase Hack Affects 76 Million Households.New York Times,2.